La crisi dei regimi comunisti a metà degli anni ottanta e il collasso dell’Unione Sovietica del '91, intensificarono, a Cuba, le divisioni interne al sistema castrista. Questo articolo sviluppa due prospettive di analisi. In primo luogo si propone di illustrare le dinamiche socio – politiche nell’isola dopo la riforma costituzionale del '76 fino all’esplosione della crisi con la conseguente rectificación e la ricostruzione nazionale. Secondariamente approfondisce la riforma costituzionale del 1992 e le nuove dinamiche interne legate ad una serie di (...) fattori anche esogeni. (shrink)

RESUMEN El concepto heterotopía, definido por Michel Foucault como espacio otro, es retomado en este artículo, desde un enfoque crítico, para analizar los procesos de construcción, gestión y puesta en marcha del Museo Itinerante de la Memoria y la Identidad de Los Montes de María, El Mochuelo. Bajo la premisa de que el desarrollo de los procesos de memorialización debe atenderse más allá del cumplimiento normativo por parte del Estado, puesto que estas prácticas de memoria territoriales en El Mochuelo subvierten (...) el estatismo y la homogeneidad con los cuales se instauran las verdades oficiales. ABSTRACT Heterotopia concept, defined by Michel Foucault as another space, is taken up in this article to analyze the processes of construction, management, and implementation of the Museo Itinerante de la Memoria y la Identidad de Los Montes de María, El Mochuelo (Itinerant Museum of Memory and Identity of Los Montes de María, El Mochuelo). Under the premise that the development of memorialization processes must be addressed beyond regulatory compliance by the State since these territorial memory practices in El Mochuelo subvert the statism and homogeneity with which official truths are established. (shrink)

En un momento de tensión y polémica por la situación que tiene la enseñanza de la filosofía dentro de la l. o. g. s. e., es útil hacer una reflexión comparativa con el modo en el que se esta dando respuesta a la didáctica de la filosofía en otro país europeo, en Italia.

Habría que remontarse al periodo del emperador romano de Oriente, Justiniano, para recordar un Estado unitario en Italia. Una unidad política desmoronada tras la invasión de los Longobardos en el año 568-. La historia sucesiva registró 1300 años de divisiones que generaron naciones diversas, al menos en el sentir del pueblo común. Cada una de éstas desarrolló vicisitudes, cultura, usos y costumbres propios, muy diferentes entre los diversos Estados preunitarios. Baste como ejemplo decir que la alimentación del sur contaba (...) con productos ignorados por el norte. (shrink)

Resumen: Si bien en Italia el debate sobre las clínicas jurídicas está en una fase inicial, cada vez hay un mayor número de universidades que están poniendo en marcha iniciativas vinculadas a tal fenómeno emergente. Ello permite plantearse nuevas cuestiones, en especial aquellas relacionadas con las clínicas, pero también es posible reconfigurar algunos de los temas “clásicos” y fundamentales de la filosofía del derecho. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo apuntar algunos de tales aspectos. Así tras una reconstrucción del marco (...) general del debate, me detendré sobre los temas principales de la experiencia clínica, esto es la formación del jurista y la tensión por alcanzar la justicia social. Abstract: Although the Italian debate concerning legal clinics is at the beginning, a growing number of Law Schools is starting to explore this approach to legal education. As a consequence, new topics specifically concerning legal clinics arise, while others – more “traditional” for legal-philosophical experts – need to be reconfigured and re-articulated. This essay aims at addressing some of the latter aspects: once the terms of the debate have been reconstructed, I will consider two of the main topics of the clinical experience, namely the jurist’s formation and the tension towards social justice outcomes. (shrink)

El estudio de algunas oraciones y canciones breves impresas en Italia durante el siglo XVI a la muerte de mujeres de la alta nobleza es una fuente de gran interés para estudiar el lenguaje utilizado para presentarlas como modelos y reducir sus personalidades a concretas características arquetípicas enraizadas en la tradición literaria y filosófica, formuladas en la literatura comportamental para las damas, que se multiplicó a partir de mediados de siglo. En el presente artículo bosquejamos estas características en algunas (...) obras dedicadas a la muerte de tres de las grandes damas de la época en Italia. (shrink)

El mito de Ifigenia ha sido reinterpretado con extraordinaria vitalidad en multitud de obras literarias y artísticas a lo largo de la historia. Este artículo pretende examinar la particular repercusión de Ifigenia en el debate de la _Querelle des femmes_ a partir de la recuperación del manuscrito de la tragedia de Eurípides a finales del s. XV, en autores como Galeazzo Flavio Capra, Ludovico Dolce o Lilio Gregorio Giraldi. La recepción de la tragedia griega desde Italia, al verterse en (...) dramas y tratados, irradió en la cultura moderna europea nuevos emblemas sobre la condición femenina, hacia un modelo de virtud cuya moral supera la crueldad de los dioses y los hombres, pues lucha por su propia libertad y dignidad. (shrink)

In 1626, the Neapolitan Ottavio Sammarco published the Discorso politico intorno la conseruatione della pace dell'Italia in which the author referred to the King of Spain as arbiter among the Italian princes and his ministers in Italy as efficient instruments to ensure the stability. This piece of political literature shows an explicit practical orientation, through which the author carries out a systematisation of the political means to achieve quietness in Italy. In articulating the praxis into formal language, Sammarco looks (...) to the past searching for the wisdom of History and uses Tacitus’ account to build a discourse around the tools and mechanisms for preserving stability and avoiding conflicts. The aim of this article, in the first instance, is to examine Sammarco's discursive programme and the purpose of his discourse; in the second place, how Tacitus serves the author's aim and how his account means a fundamental anchor. Furthermore, it will be useful to trace how the political language that transforms the continuous threat of war into politics is modelled by 1626 in Italy and how Sammarco contextualizes his political vocabulary within the Spanish Monarchy political dialectic at the beginning of XVII century. (shrink)

Kierkegaard, o personagem histórico, é conhecido em grande parte por sua ironia e sua insubordinação diante de seus professores. No entanto, alguns professores, como H. N. Clausen, têm o respeito de Kierkegaard. A tradução destas duas cartas é importante para estabelecer a relação de Kierkegaard com H. N. Clausen, mostrando que a filosofia de Kierkegaard chega à Europa e especialmente à Itália através de Clausen, refutando a visão na qual Kierkegaard não foi apreciado e lido durante a sua vida. Kierkegaard (...) era lido e sabia disso. (shrink)

Em 1732, em peregrinação à sagrada Casa de Loreto, na Itália, Antônio Dias Quaresma (16811756), natural de Salvador, deixou-se entrar em pensamentos de ser pontífice. Andarilho e leitor compulsivo, meteu-se muito cedo no universo dos livros ascéticos e místicos e passou a cogitar, a partir das suas próprias perscrutações, uma saída para regenerar a cristandade. Em si reverberam ideias ancianas, alimentadas ao longo dos séculos, conjugadas a projetos políticos que visavam dignificar a nova geografia descoberta, a exemplo da transferência da (...) corte para o Brasil, proposta por seu patrício Frei Vicente do Salvador, na sua Historia do Brazil (c. 1630). O artigo pretende, dessa forma, estabelecer e resgatar os possíveis caminhos da passagem da ideia de transferência da corte para Salvador para a de um papa baiano e o lugar cimeiro que o Novo Mundo adquire como geografia de regeneração. (shrink)

[Esotericism. One-day Workshop about the Annale n. 25 of the Storia d'Italia Einaudi]. This section contains the proceedings of the one-day workshop on the book Esoterismo, published as the Annale n. 25 in the collection "History of Italy" by Einaudi. The workshop was organized by ISPF on the October 26, 2011 to promote the discussion on the significance of Western esotericist traditions in Italian history. S. Caianiello’s introduction highlights some major concepts and goals of the recent field of studies (...) about Western Esotericism, and some open problems about its definition. M. Cambi comments on the substantial transformation of esotericist themes in Giordano Bruno’s natural philosophy, whereby the sources of the magician’s power are completely enclosed in the realm of nature, thus rejecting any transcendent foundation. M. Conforti focuses on "the function and opportunities" offered by the Western Esotericism approach "to the genesis and development of early modern science" and comments from this perspective on different contributions in the volume, emphasizing however the importance of largely pre-existing traditions in the history of science and medicine which have long challenged the wiggish separation between science and magic, rational and irrational thought. L. Simonutti provides new material to the general theme, with a historical-philosophical analysis of the esotericist elements in Picart’s iconography of the 18th Century edition of "Cymbalum mundi". F. Sofia discusses the effective role of esotericist traditions in the attempts to establish a "civil religion" in Italy from Risorgimento to Fascism, a history in which, she argues, it is difficult to establish "how much esotericism was an intentional choice or the product of an unavoidable nicodemism". C. Castellano reviews the contributions dedicated to the "political teology" of Italian Risorgimento, dealing in depth with the complex relationship between Freemasonry and Carbonari in Italy – in her view, more of a cultural than of a strictly political connection – and highlights the relevance of the anticurial component in their esotericist inspiration. G.M. Cazzaniga, author and editor of the Annale, beyond reacting to the different stimuli offered by the discussion, provides a brief history of Western Esotericism studies in Europe and of the reasons of their difficult reception in Italy. (shrink)

Desde finales de los años 1990, Libia ha experimentado una fase de crecimiento económico muy rápida y se ha convertido, gradualmente, en destino privilegiado de importantes flujos migratorios internacionales procedentes de otros países árabes, de varios países africanos al sur del Sahara e, incluso, de países asiáticos, como Bangladesh, India y China. Contrariando la visión de Libia como un país de tránsito, la realidad es que muchas personas migrantes se quedan en el país. Sin embargo, el espacio libio ha representado (...) en las últimas tres décadas un auténtico laboratorio para las políticas migratorias aplicadas en la relación entre Libia y los países europeos, en primer lugar, Italia. En los 90 y en la primera década del siglo XXI, Libia se caracterizó por dos tendencias opuestas: por un lado, las políticas del régimen de Gadafi encaminadas a abrir el país a la importación de mano de obra barata del África subsahariana y los países árabes; y por otro, las políticas de contención aplicadas por Italia para detener los flujos migratorios irregulares a través del Mediterráneo, que eran relativamente pequeños en comparación con el número total de migrantes en Libia. Este artículo trata de analizar la génesis y el desarrollo de las políticas de contención de la inmigración, centrándose especialmente en las relaciones entre Italia y Libia, analizando sus efectos a mediano plazo y debatiendo cómo estas políticas no solo han ido en detrimento de los derechos de las personas migrantes, sino que también han sido la premisa para su explotación económica y marginación social en Libia e Italia. (shrink)

Ou como um manuscrito do século XVIII, que não mereceu a glória de ser publicado, constitui uma fonte documental de indesmentível interesse. Trata-se de um relato de viagem de Lisboa a Roma na segunda metade do século XVIII o qual, embora não corresponda à descrição de uma peregrinação, revela com clareza questões culturais e religiosas que atormentam o Portugal de setecentos. Um diário de viagem que ajuda a compreender, em parte, o rótulo de exótico que a Europa iluminada atribuía a (...) Portugal. Através de uma leitura atenta, conseguem identificar-se elos, à primeira vista imperceptíveis, valorizando o próprio documento e lançando pistas para situar e compreender figuras de relevo naquele período da história portuguesa. O presente relato, como acontece com a literatura de viagens em geral, atribui ao leitor a responsabilidade de perscrutar a intenção do autor. Discute-se ainda a autoria, origem e fins do manuscrito, um conjunto de elementos que explicam a importância do mesmo. (shrink)

L’Italia rappresenta un luogo del tutto peculiare per gli sviluppi del pragmatismo, fin dai suoi albori. A partire dalla fondazione del Leonardo nel 1903, Giovanni Papini, Giuseppe Prezzolini, Giovanni Vailati, Mario Calderoni (e molti altri) contribuirono a riprendere e a diffondere in Europa le principali istanze dei pragmatisti d’oltreoceano. Come è noto, questi filosofi non si limitarono ad essere vivaci interpreti del pensiero di Charles Sanders Peirce e William James, ma elaborarono anc...

No século XIX, Marie Pape-Carpantier teve uma significativa importância para a educação da criança de 2 a 6 anos. Sua influência situa-se na adoção do método intuitivo para a educação dos sentidos - lições de coisas -, na proposta pedagógica destinada à Educação Infantil - salas de asilo; na criação de materiais didáticos para auxiliar no desenvolvimento do método natural; na orientação de modelos de mobílias para as escolas. Produz uma imensa obra para professores e alunos, traduzida em vários países: (...) Grécia, Inglaterra, Itália, Suécia, Espanha, Brasil, e publicada até a segunda década do século XX, perfazendo inúmeras edições. O estudo analisa a trajetória e a contribuição da educadora, destacando as principais ideias, pelo espírito prático-experimental, que prenuncia a escola ativa. (shrink)

Il était temps que soit écrite l’histoire de la rencontre entre les soldats des armées alliées et les populations de l’Italie centre-méridionale. Maria Porzio propose ici une étude aussi synthétique que complète des relations entre hommes alliés et femmes italiennes. Elle montre pour cela la diversité des sources, en se limitant pourtant au côté italien, contredisant une fois de plus ceux qui prennent prétexte de l’absence de sources pour justifier la soi-disant impossibilité d’écrire une his...

Le volume recueille les actes du colloque organisé à Florence, en novembre 2011, par la Società Italiana delle Storiche (SIS) [Société Italienne des Historiennes], en collaboration avec l’Université de Florence et en conclusion d’une année dense en célébrations pour les 150 ans de l’Unité italienne (cf. L’Italia alla prova dell’Unità, a cura di S. Soldani, Milano, Angeli, 2011). Il s’agit du deuxième volume de la nouvelle collection Storia delle donne e di genere [Histoire des femmes et du ge...

Italia no es recuerdo para mí, la tengo siempre presente. Y será siempre así". Con estas palabras la filósofa y exiliada española María Zambrano recordaba su paso por la ciudad eterna: tres estancias -la más larga, entre 1953 y 1964- que marcaron profundamente su vida y su pensamiento. Los años romanos fueron años de escritura y conversación, de encuentros con el mundo intelectual italiano y con otros exiliados españoles. En Italia Zambrano desarrolló gran parte de sus reflexiones sobre (...) la persona, los sueños y el tiempo: ¿cómo llegar a ser persona?, y, ¿qué papel juegan el tiempo y los sueños tanto en la creación literaria y artística como en la configuración de las sociedades humanas? Roma le ofreció tiempo para pensar y repensar el exilio, para pensar y repensar España: la España del pasado, pero también la España de los sueños fracasados y marginados. Roma fue, en definitiva, la ciudad de los sueños, de los tiempos pero también de los inevitables destiempos impuestos por el exilio. La ciudad de las ruinas y de la esperanza. Y de los gato. (shrink)

Razón, poesía, historia.--La cuestión del estoicismo español.--El querer.

Good actors appear to become their characters, making them come alive, as if they were real. Is this because they have succeeded in merging themselves with their character? Are there any positive or negative psychological effects of this experience? We examined the role of three characteristics that may make this kind of merging possible: dissociation, flow, and empathy. We also examined the relation of these characteristics to acting quality. Acting students and non-acting students completed a dissociation measure, and then performed (...) a monologue that was recorded and rated on the dimensions of acting. Participants were then reassessed on dissociation to determine whether it increased as a function of performance. They were also then assessed on flow and empathy. Actors did not differ from non-actors on dissociation, but did score significantly higher than non-actors on some flow and empathy subscales, indicating a positive psychological experience and outcome. While non-actors’ dissociation marginally increased post-performance, actors’ dissociation rose significantly, which could indicate a negative psychological experience. Surprisingly, acting ratings were unrelated to the levels of dissociation, flow, or empathy. We concluded that, while these are tools used by actors to immerse themselves fully in their characters, they may not be necessary to create the illusion of an imaginary character come to life on stage. (shrink)

IN THE LAST PART of the Theory of Moral Sentiments, Adam Smith puts his theory in a class with those of his contemporaries Francis Hutcheson and David Hume, namely, the systems that make sentiments the principle of approbation. Despite recognizing important differences with both of them, he thinks that since he has placed the origin of moral sentiments in sympathy, and in particular the fact that we are able to enter into the motives of the agent and get pleasure from (...) finding them appropriate to their cause, sentiments are the foundation of his theory of morals. Many of Smith’s commentators, in fact almost all of the most important studies over the last few years, reaffirm the author’s self-description. However, my aim in this paper is to challenge this view by showing that Smith’s system can also be plausibly seen as a theory of practical reasoning, and in some important aspects very similar to Aristotelian ethics. Surprisingly few scholars have seen this parallel. Laurence Berns, Samuel Fleischacker, Charles Griswold, and Gloria Vivenza are the latest exceptions, identifying several points of coincidence between Adam Smith and Aristotle’s ethics. None of them, however, has tied all these similarities under a unified interpretation, such as the one I propose here: The basic analogy between these theories, and the source of those particular coincidences, is the operation of practical reason. Moreover, and besides the common elements with Aristotle’s ethics, Smith’s reconstruction of practical reason simultaneously announces some of the main features of modern accounts of ethics, such as impartiality and universality as preconditions of moral judgment. The integration of these ancient and modern elements in a single coherent theory allows Smith’s TMS to overcome the insufficiencies and paradoxes of both these traditions, and it constitutes one of the most interesting and challenging proposals of modern ethics. (shrink)

Many philosophical counselors seem to be counselors who use or point to phil­osophical texts or use abstract indeed logical or rational methods when working with a client. I want to introduce the idea of a counseling philosopher, who uses the client’s own concrete experiences as the basis for philosophizing with the client about the nature of the client’s dilemma - using ‘the between’ (Buber) as that special creative space where one em­ploys the art of philosophizing to the unique situation. Otherwise, (...) the particularity of that client gets subsumed under theory or methods, much like what has happened in psychology and which gave rise to Achenbach’s criticisms of psychology/psychiatry. The dialogical of which Buber and Friedman speak is the give and take between client and counseling philosopher of understanding and expanding perceptions confirmed through the actual relationship. Philosophy as an art (and not a method) helps us restore the trust Buber talks about which allows us to engage the world directly and not through categories of thought grounded in psychological or philosophical texts and theories. (shrink)

Recent literature have underlined the connections between children’s reading skills and capacity to create and use mental representations or mental images; furthermore data highlighted the involvement of visuospatial abilities both during math learning and during subsequent developmental phases in performing math tasks. The present research adopted a longitudinal design to assess whether the processes of mental imagery in preschoolers (ages 4–5 years) are predictive of mathematics skills, writing and reading, in the early years of primary school (ages 6–7 years). The (...) research lasted for two school years; in the first phase, the general group of participants consisted of 100 children, and although all participants agreed to be part of the research, in the second phase, there was a mortality rate of 30%. In order to measure school learning and mental imagery processes four batteries of tests were used. The mental imagery battery evaluated mental generation, inspection and transformation processes. Data underlined that the different aspects in which mental imagery processes are articulated are differently implied in some skills that constitute school learning. These findings emphasise the potential usefulness of a screening for mental imagery ability for schoolchildren to adopt effective measures to increase their mental imagery abilities. (shrink)

Numerosas expresiones lingüísticas son producidas por los profesionales de las áreas de la Educación y Psicología para designar al sujeto con discapacidad. Nuestra mirada se centró en los discursos que se balizan en un lenguaje analítico y heurístico perteneciente al universo de la normalidad de la razón analítica. En contra de esta propuesta dialogamos con Wittgenstein sobre producción de sentido y de Vygotsky sobre mediación semiótica. Palabras claves: producción de sentido; mediación semiótica, discapacidad, inclusión.

The progressive multistage stabilization of memory (consolidation) relies on post-acquisition neural reorganization. We hypothesize that two processes subserve procedural memory consolidation and are reflected in delayed post-acquisition performance gains: (1) synaptic consolidation, which is classical Hebbian, and (2) in some tasks, concurrently or consequently, “system consolidation,” which might in some skills be sleep-dependent. Behavioral interference may affect either type of consolidation.

The comprehension problem in Broca's patients does not stem from an inability to represent argument traces. There can be good comprehension in the presence of (object) traces and impaired comprehension can result in constructions where there are no (object) argument traces. This leads to an alternative understanding of Broca's comprehension, one that places the locus of the impairment in an inability to construct syntactic representation on time.

En este trabajo critico la interpretación moralizada de la obligación política en Hobbes que defiende Luciano Venezia. Exploro una lectura diferente que evita una dicotomía tajante entre las razones prudenciales y las razones morales y subraya en cambio la discontinuidad entre la normatividad subjetiva de la ley natural y la normatividad objetiva de la ley positiva. Sostengo que el contrato de sujeción política establece obligaciones objetivas recién cuando el soberano exige el cumplimiento de los contratos. La obligación política es entonces (...) una forma de obligación jurídica. Además, enfatizo que la comunidad moral de Hobbes solo es posible dentro del Estado. In this paper, I criticize Luciano Venezia's moralized interpretation of the Hobbesian concept of political obligation. I explore a different reading that avoids a clear-cut dichotomy between prudential and moral reasons and underscores instead the discontinuity between natural law's subjective normativity and civil law's objective normativity. I contend that the pact of political subjection establishes objective obligations only when the sovereign requires the fulfillment of contracts. Political obligation is then a form of legal obligation. In addition, I emphasize that Hobbes's moral community is only possible within the State. (shrink)

This book argues that we can find the resources to build a public perspective if we make two commitments: to respect people as autonomous agents and to endorse a shared ethics of beliefs.

In the philosophy of Merleau-Ponty, learning is not a paradox, as suggested by Plato’s Meno, but the fundamental form of experience. To experience is precisely to be permeable and open to being reshaped by one’s experiences. I explore the reconceptualization of the human subject within Merleau-Ponty’s philosophy that allows us to understand how the body-subject can be a learning subject. Fundamentally this involves consideration of the nature of habit, and the way in which habit simultaneously locks us into a repressiveattachment (...) to a specific past and opens us up to the possibilities of meaningful engagement with the world. Through an analysis of the temporality of habit, I conclude that understanding habit as the fundamental launching-place of learning also allows us to see how essential learning is to the experience of human freedom. (shrink)

The present paper stems from the biosemiotic modelling of individual artificial cognition proposed by Ferreira and Caldas (2012) but goes further by introducing the concept of Umwelt Overlap. The introduction of this concept is of fundamental importance making the present model closer to natural cognition. In fact cognition can only be viewed as a purely individual phenomenon for analytical purposes. In nature it always involves the crisscrossing of the spheres of action of those sharing the same environmental bubble. Plus, the (...) incorporation of that concept is vital to understand the complex semiosis that sustains collective tissues, societies, regulating collective cognition and consequently cooperative action. The concept of Umwelt Overlap broadens the range of applicability of the previous model to several distinct domains allowing for example for its application to multi-agent cooperative autonomous systems. In this paper a Middle Size League RoboCup soccer team is used as an example of a possible application. (shrink)

Through the analysis of Mariano Campo’s published works and thanks to further insights offered by some unpublished manuscripts, the profile of a philosopher is outlined, whose main interest, throughout his academic and research activity, has been aesthetics. More specifically, Campo has focused on the centrality of feelings to human aesthetic experience: it is through feeling that we experience a transfiguration of reality, which happens paradigmatically when, in front of an artwork, we appreciate it as an integral whole, a totality.

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo caracterizar investigaciones sobre representaciones sociales de docentes y estudiantes acerca de la escritura en la educación superior. La revisión sistemática se efectuó siguiendo la metodología propuesta por la Declaración PRISMA. La búsqueda, que fue realizada en las bases de datos WOS, Scopus, Scielo y ERIC, permitió identificar 20 artículos entre los que predomina el enfoque cualitativo. Como elementos recurrentes se destacan la necesidad de que en la universidad se enseñe explícitamente a escribir y la persistencia (...) de representaciones, que vinculan la escritura con la evaluación. (shrink)

Here is an example using a picture book story: A New House, in Grasshopper on the Road: by Arnold Lobel Grasshopper sees an apple on top of a hill and decides, yum! lunch, as he takes a big bite out of the apple. This, however, causes the apple to start rolling down the hill. Grasshopper hears a voice inside the apple, telling him to keep his house from being destroyed as it is rolling down the hill. My bathtub is in (...) the living room; my bed is in the kitchen. Grasshopper is trying to catch the apple, as it is rolling faster and faster down the hill. In the end it crashes into a tree at the bottom of the hill and is smashed into a hundred pieces. Luckily, it is an apple tree, and Worm has decided to find a new house to live in, one without a big bite in it, either. The question is, should Worm be angry at Grasshopper? The children often agree that he shouldn’t be angry. Grasshopper didn’t mean to hurt Worm and destroy his home. The aporia question is, isn’t Worm justified in being angry at Grasshopper for destroying his home, even though it was an accident? Should I be angry with someone who hurt me, even if it is not done on purpose? I am hurt; so can’t I be angry because I have been hurt? The children often feel that when it was not done on purpose, you can’t really be angry. Another aporia question is, can you punish someone when what they have done wasn’t done on purpose? Is it OK for your parents to punish you when you have done something wrong, even though you didn’t do it on purpose? Another aporia question is then whether we are justified in punishing someone who is innocent? Does it make sense to punish your baby brother for breaking your toy? Or are the police ever justified in shooting an unarmed Black man? (shrink)